Histopathology of the fish infected with the epizootic ulcerative syndrome in Eastern Nepal
Abstract
Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) is the major disease of fish which causes high mortality of fish in eastern Nepal since its initial outbreak. Of the 445 EUS infected fish samples, the suspected fungus was identified in eight spp. during the five years study period following standard methods to isolate, culture and identification. The sections of muscles, livers, and kidneys of infected fish samples showed the outbreak of EUS due to the presence of Aphanomyces spp. A complete loss of epidermis and the underlying musculature was replaced by granulomatous and inflammatory tissues. In some areas, myonecrosis and fungal hyphae, black stained with GMS, reflected a positivity for the presence of fungus. Pathogenicity test in Heteropneustes fossilis showed some lesions and 43.33% mortality when isolated zoospores were injected into experimental fish samples.
References
ADB/NACA. 1991. Fish Health Management in Asia- Pacific [Report]. Series No.1 ADB Agriculture Department Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia- Pacific, Bangkok., Thailand.
ADB/NACA. 1995. Shrimp and carp sustainability. Regional study and workshop on aquaculture sustainability and the environment. Regional shrimp and carp summary data, P 491.
Afzali, S. F., Hassan, M. D., Abdul-Rahim, A. M., Sharifpour, I. and Sabri, J. 2013. Isolation and identification of Aphanomyces species from natural water bodies and fish farms in Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology 42:21–31.
Bhowmick, U., Pandit, P. K. and Chatterjee, J. G. 1991. Impact of epizootic ulcerative syndrome on the fish yield, consumption and trade in West Bengal. Journal of Inland Fishery Society India 23:45–51.
Blazer,V. S., Vogelbein, W. K., Densmore, C. L., May, E. B., Lilley, H. J. and Zwerner, D. E. 1999. Aphanomyces as a cause of ulcerative skin lesions of Menhaden from Chesapeake Bay Tributaries. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 11:340–349.
Callinan, R. B., Chinabut, S., Mohan, C. V. and Lilley, J. H. 1999. Report of EUS Extension Visits to Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, 7-20 June 1999. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and Department for International Development, p 32.
Callinan, R.B., Pacilibare, J.O.,Bondad-reantaso, M.G. and Gogolewski, R.P. 1995a. Aphanomyces species associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in the Philippines and red spot disease (RSD) in Australia: preliminary comparative studies. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 21:233–238.
Callinan, R. B., Paclibare, J. O., Reantaso, M. B., Lumanlan- Mayo, S. C., Fraser, G. C. and Sammut, J. 1995b. EUS outbreaks in estuarine fish in Australia and the Phillipines: associations with acid sulphate soils, rainfall and Aphanomyces. In Shariff, M. Arthur, J.R. and R.P. Subashinghe (Eds.) Diseases of Asian Aquaculture II (Manila. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, pp 291–298.
Chinabut, S. and Roberts, R. J. 1999. Pathology and histopathology of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, p 33.
Chinabut, S., Roberts, R. J., Willoughby, G. R. and Pearson, M. D. 1995. Histopathology of snakehead, Channa striatus (Bloch), experimentally infected with the specific Aphanomyces fungus associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) at different temperatures. Journal of Fish Diseases 18:41–47.
Chinabut, S. 1995. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome: the current state of knowledge. In: Shariff, M. Arthur, J.R. and R.P. Subashinghe (Eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. II. (Manila, Philippines. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, pp 285–290.
David, J. C. and Kirk, P. M. 1997. Index of Fungi. 6:706.
DFID. 1994. Proceedings of the regional seminar on epizootic ulcerative syndrome.25-27 Jan, 1994. The Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Bangkok.
Egusa, S. and Masuda, N. 1971. A new fungal disease of Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology 6:41–46.
FAO. 2009. Report of the International Emergency Disease Investigation Task Force on a Serious Finfish Disease in Southern Africa, 8–26 May 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Jhingran, A. G. and Das, M. K. 1990. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome in fishes. [Newsletter] Bull. No. 65. Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, India. Journal of Fish Diseases 20:135–144.
Lilley, J. H., Thompson, K. D. and Adams, A. 1997b. Characterization of Aphanomyces invadans by electrophoretic and Western blot analysis. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 30:187–197.
Lilley, J. H., Hart, D., Richards, R. H., Roberts, R. J.,Cerenius, L. and Söderhäll, K. 1997a. Pan-Asian spread of single fungal clone results in large scale fish –kills. Veterinary Record 140:653–654.
Lilley, J. H., Callinan, R. B. and Khan, M. H. 2002. Social, economic and biodiversity impacts of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). In: Arthur, J. R., Phillips, M. J., Subasinghe, R. P., Reantaso, M. B. and Rae, H. M. (Eds.) Primary Aquatic Animal Health Care in Rural, Small-scale, Aquaculture Development (Vol. Tech. Pap. No.406). pp 127-139.
Lilley, J. H., Callinan, R. B., Chinabut, S., Kanchanakhan, S., Macrae, I. H. and Phillips, M. J. 1998. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Technical Hand book. The Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute (AAHRI) Bangkok, P 88.
Lilley, J. H., Hart. D., Panyawachira,V., Kanchanakhan, S., Chinabut, S., Soderhall, K. and Cerenius, L. 2003. Molecular characterization of fish pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans. Journal of Fish Diseases 26:263–275.
Lumanlan-Mayo, S. C., Callinan, R. B., Paclibare, J. O., Catap, E. S. and Fraser, G. C. 1997. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in rice-fish culture systems: an overview of field experiments 1993-1995. In: Flegel, T.W. and MacRae, I.H. (Eds.) Disease in Asian aquaculture III. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, pp 129–138.
Mclean, E. 1996. Growth accelerating biotechnologies for aquaculture: present status, future trends. [Abstract]. World Aquaculture Society, 29 January- 2 February 1996, Bangkok, Thailand, pp 251–252.
Miyazaki, T. and Plumb, J. A. 1985. Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Journal of Fish Diseases 8:389–392.
Mudenda, H. B. 2012. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in Africa – Current state. University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine Lusaka, Zambia. Retrieved from www.rrafrica.oie.int/docspdf/en/2012/AAH/14- EUS- Africa - Mudenda.pdf
Oidtmann, B., Steinbauer, P., Geiger, S. and Hoffmann, R. W. 2008. Experimental infection and detection of Aphanomyces invadans in European catfish, rainbow trout and European eel. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 82:195–207.
OIE. 2013. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals, Office International des Epizooties, pp 1–13.
Pal, J. and Pradhan, K.1990. Bacterial involvement in ulcerative condition of air breathing fish from India.Journal of Fish Diseases 36:833–839.
Paclibare, J. O., Catap, E.S. and Callinan, R. B. 1994. Fungal isolation from EUS affected fish in the Philippines. Proceedings ODA Reg. Sem. on Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome, Aquatic Animal Health Research, 25-27 January 1994. AAHRI, Bangkok, pp 238–243.
Phillips, M. J. 1989. A report on the NACA workshop on the regional research programme on ulcerative syndrome in fish and the environment. 20-24 March 1989. Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok.
Pillay, T. V. R. 1996. Challenges facing aquaculture development. In: World Aquaculture. Jan 29 - Feb 2. 1996 abstracts. World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok, Thailand. p 312.
Pradhan, P. K., Sooda, N., Yadav, M. K., Aryaa, P., Chaudhary, D. K., Kumar, U., Kumar, C. B., Swaminathan, T. R. and Rathore, G. 2018. Effect of immunization of rohu, Labeo rohita with inactivated germinated zoospores in providing protection against Aphanomyces invadans. Fish and Shellfish Immunity 78:195–201.
Rahman, T., Choudhury, B. and Barman, N. 1988. Role of UDS affected fish in the health of ducks in Assam: an experimental study. Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Outbreak of Fish Disease in North Eastern India. 30 December 1998, Gauhati, Assam, India.
Roberts, R. J., Macintosh, D. J., Tonguthai, K., Boonyaratpalin, N., Tayaputch, N., Phillips M. J. and Millar, S. D.1986. Field and laboratory investigations into ulcerative fish diseases in the Asia Pacific region. Technical Report of FAO Project TCP/RAS/4508, Bangkok, Thailand, p 214.
Roberts, R. J., Willoughby, L. G. and Chinabut, S.1993. Mycotic aspects of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) of Asian fishes. Journal of Fish Diseases 16:169–183.
Schäperclaus, W., Kulow, H. and Schreckenbach, K. (Eds.) 1986. Fish Diseases. Fifth edition, Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Vishwanath, T. S., Mohan, C. V. and Shankar, K. M. 1997. Clinical and histopathological characterization of different types of lesions associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Journal of Aquatic and Tropics 12:35–42.
Vishwanath, T. S., Mohan, C. V. and Shankar, K. M. 1998. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), associated with a fungal pathogen, in Indian fishes: histopathology- ‘a cause for invasiveness’. Aquaculture 165:1–9.
Vogelbein, W. K., Shields, J. D., Has, L. W., Reece, K. S. and Zwerner, D. E. 2001. Skin ulcers in estuarine fishes. A comparative pathological evaluation of wild and laboratory exposed fish. Environmental Health Perspectives 109:687–693.
Willoughby, L. G. and Roberts, R. J. 1994. Improved methodology for isolation of the Aphanomyces fungal pathogen of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in Asian fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 17:541–543.
The Nepalese Journal of Zoology has a licensing policy that permits distribution, remixing, adaption, and build upon your work under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License. Authors retain the copyright of the contents published in NJZ and need to grant the right of first publication to the journal. It also allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., on their website) prior to and during the submission process (e.g., as a preprint), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work. However, authors need to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements with NJZ for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in an institutional book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
