Scaling up Vulture Safe Zone to conserve a greater number of Endangered raptor species: A case for creating a Raptor Safe Zone in Nepal
Abstract
Nepal has successfully piloted the Vulture Safe Zone, a broad-scale conservation strategy for Endangered vulture species. An obvious question is: what more can we do to build on this accomplishment? Through this paper, I advocate for expanding the Vulture Safe Zones to include other threatened raptors to create Raptor Safe Zones (RSZs). RSZs are a logical next step for Nepal because this country is a global hotspot for raptors and because the RSZ will help conserve 23 threatened raptor species, both within and beyond existing protected areas. I discuss opportunities, challenges, and the way forward for creating RSZ.
References
Baral H.S. and Inskipp C. 2005. Important Bird Areas in Nepal: Key sites for conservation. Bird Conservation Nepal and BirdLife International, Kathmandu, Nepal.
BCN, DNPWC, and DoFSC. 2023 [in press]. Nepal’s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: key sites for conservation. Bird Conservation Nepal, Department of National Parks and Wiildlife Conservation, and Department of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Chaudhary A., Chaudhary D.B., Cuthbert R.J., Chaudhary I.P. and Nepali Y.B. 2010. Influence of safe feeding site on vultures and their nest numbers at Vulture Safe Zone, Nawalparasi. Proceedings of the First National Youth Conference on Environment, 3-4 June 2010, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp 1–7.
DNPW and DoFSC. 2023. Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (2023–2027). Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forests and Soil Conservation, Baber Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
DNPWC. 2015. Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (20015–2019). Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal.
DNPWC and BCN. 2022. Birds of Nepal: an official checklist. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Bird Conservation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
DNPWC/MoFSC/GoN. 2009. Vulture Conservation Action Plan for Nepal (2009–2013). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
Donald P.F., Fishpool L.D.C., Ajagbe A., Bennun L.A., Bunting G., Burfield I.J., et al. 2019. Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conservation International, 29:177–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270918000102
eBird. 2023. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. http://www.ebird.org.
Galligan T.H., Bhusal K.P., Paudel K., Chapagain D., Joshi, A.B., Chaudhary, I.P., Chaudhary, A., Baral, H.S., Cuthbert, R.J. and Green, R.E. 2020. Partial recovery of Critically Endangered Gyps vulture populations in Nepal. Bird Conservation International 30:87–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270919000169
Gurney G.G., Darling E.S., Ahmadia G.N., Agostini V.N., Ban N.C., Blythe J., et al. 2021. Biodiversity needs every tool in the box: use OECMs. Nature, 595:646–649. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02041-4
Inskipp C., Baral H.S., Phuyal S., Bhatt T.R., Khatiwada M., Inskipp T., et al. 2016. The status of Nepal’s birds: the national Red List series. Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
Lerman S.B., Larson K.L., Narango D.L., Goddard M.A. and Marra P.P. 2023. Humanity for habitat: Residential yards as an opportunity for biodiversity conservation. BioScience, 73:671–689. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad085
McClure C.J.W., Buij R., Thorstrom R., Vargas F.H. and Virani M.Z. 2023. The world’s most imperiled raptors present substantial conservation challenges. Journal of Raptor Research, 57:375–384. https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-79
McClure C J.W., Schulwitz S.E., Anderson D.L., Robinson B.W., Mojica E K., Therrien J.F., et al. 2019. Commentary: defining raptors and birds of prey. Journal of Raptor Research, 53:419-430. https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.419
McClure C.J.W., Westrip J.R.S., Johnson J.A., Schulwitz S.E., Virani M.Z., Davies R., et al. 2018. State of the world’s raptors: Distributions, threats, and conservation recommendations. Biological Conservation, 227: 390-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.012
Mukherjee A., Galligan T.H., Prakash V., Paudel K., Khan U. Prakash S., et al. 2014. Vulture Safe Zones to save Gyps vultures in South Asia. Mistnet, 15:4–21.
Oaks J.L., Gilbert M., Virani M.Z., Watson R.T., Meteyer C. U., Rideout B.A., et al. 2004. Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427:630–633. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02317
Prakash V., Pain D.J., Cunningham A.A., Donald P.F., Prakash N., Verma A., et al. 2003. Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed Gyps bengalensis and long-billed Gyps indicus vulture populations. Biological Conservation, 109:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00164-7
Sabiniarz I. 2021, December. First ever Vulture Safe Zone declared fully safe in Nepal at SAVE’s 11th Annual Meeting. https://save-vultures.org/2021/12/first-ever-vulture-safe-zone-declared-fully-safe-in-nepal-at-saves-11th-annual-meeting/#:~:text=Blog-,First%20ever%20Vulture%20Safe%20Zone%20declared%20fully%20safe,at%20SAVE's%2011th%20Annual%20Meeting&text=The%20recovery%20of%20populations%20of,Vulture%20Safe%20Zone%20(VSZ). Accessed on 18 September 2023
Subedi T.R., Pérez-García J.M., Gurung S., Baral H.S., Bhattacharjee A., Anadón J.D., et al. 2023. Human-induced mortality an overlooked threat for raptors in Nepal. Bird Conservation International, 33:e73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270923000254

The Nepalese Journal of Zoology has a licensing policy that permits distribution, remixing, adaption, and build upon your work under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License. Authors retain the copyright of the contents published in NJZ and need to grant the right of first publication to the journal. It also allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., on their website) prior to and during the submission process (e.g., as a preprint), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work. However, authors need to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements with NJZ for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in an institutional book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.